Hydraulic Response and Overtopping Performance of Single-Layer Double Cube Unit Armored Mound Breakwater

A newly developed friction-interlocking armor unit called the ‘Double cube’ (DC) was designed to improve performance of a concrete used in river/marine structures against currents/waves actions. The DC is an octagonal-shaped block made up two parts: upper cube set on lower base that either square or octagonal shape. innovative design aims provide good terms stability, allow for high tolerance placement with various contact points, and ease placement. DC’s shape enhance unit’s stability by bringing center gravity closer underlayer providing large surface surrounding blocks reduces chance extraction limits movements (rocking, lifting) via “keystone” effect. characteristics this new relatively hydraulic number layer (NS = 2.9), favorable due energy dissipation from turbulence aeration, as well roughness coefficient (γf ≈ 0.46), helping reduce overtopping.